Everything about The Payne Effect totally explained
The
Payne effect is a particular feature of the stress-strain behaviour of
rubber, especially rubber compounds containing
fillers such as
carbon black. It is named after the British rubber scientist
A. R. Payne, who made extensive studies of the effect (for example Payne 1962). The effect is sometimes also known as the
Fletcher-Gent effect, after the authors of the first study of the phenomenon (Fletcher & Gent 1953). The effect is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of the
viscoelastic storage modulus on the amplitude of the applied strain. Above approximately 0.1% strain amplitude, the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing amplitude. At sufficiently large strain amplitudes (roughly 20%), the storage modulus approaches a lower bound. In that region where the storage modulus decreases the loss modulus shows a maximum. The Payne effect depends on the filler content of the material and vanishes for unfilled elastomers. Physically, the Payne effect can be attributed to deformation-induced changes in the material's microstructure, for example to breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler clusters. Since the Payne effect is essential for the frequency and amplitude-dependent dynamic stiffness and damping behaviour of rubber bushings, automotive tyres and other products, constitutive models to represent it have been developed in the past (for example Lion et al. 2003). Similar to the Payne effect under small deformations is the
Mullins effect that's observed under large deformations.
Further Information
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